R. B. Wernham (1906–1999)

Originally a short series of lectures given about Elizabethan Foreign Policy, this short book has only been edited slightly (primarily for footnotes).
Whether Elizabeth I actually had a foreign policy at all is the first matter under consideration, and this is primarily argued for implicitly. No clear, definitive (modern-style) policy would be possible over 45 years against the changing political and military background of a turbulent Europe. Yet England's interest in keeping The Netherlands free (ish) of any dominating control is the one strand running throughout her reign(apart from England's security of course). Keeping the ports and markets of Flanders open to English goods was the most important thing and alternatives were few and far between.
Wernham gives due notice to the main factions vying for Elizabeth's attention in foreign policy. Here he makes clear that Elizabeth was the only decision maker on this front, and advice was taken from whichever privy-council member were available - there was no foreign affairs committee.
Whether France was in turmoil or Spain was able or willing to take advantage of the in-fighting of the Dutch states were huge influences on Elizabeth's decisions. Wernham concludes that what may appear to be "flip-flopping" in terms of policy should be seen as tacks on the high seas where the powerful states of France and Spain could threaten England's very existence.
Would be interested to see a full-blown monograph on the subject.… (mer)