This monograph captures the current excitement in invertebrate neurobiology, from the manipulation of activity in specified neurons to the investigation of behavior. The monograph emphasizes the evolutionary aspects of neurobiology and work on non-model species. The chapters, from internationally respected contributors, incorporate trenchant findings but also identify important outstanding questions. The volume will inspire graduate students and post-docs, and provide a good starting point for any scientist who wants to learn about this resurgent field.